Pope John Paul IIs Influence on the Fall of Communism Essay -- Biogra

THESIS STATEMENT Both the words and actions of Pope John Paul II were crucial to the downfall of communism in Germany as well as his native Poland. PURPOSE STATEMENT This paper will discuss Pope John Paul II’s role in the fall of communism in Germany and his native Poland through in depth research and an analysis of biographical research. INTRODUCTION Even as a child, people knew that Karol Wojtyla was destined for greatness. Even his mother bragged to all her neighbors that her newborn son would grow into a great man. And that he did. He served as pope from 1978 until his death in 2005, a period of over twenty-six years. He was the youngest pope of the Twentieth Century as well, elected at the age of fifty-eight. However, the most striking aspect of his election was that he was Polish – the first non-Italian pope since the Fifteenth Century! He was a remarkable man, who â€Å"with bold religious zeal and diplomatic shrewdness†¦forced open doors† (Accattoli et al 45). He forced people to seriously think about their lives. About morality, conscience, religion. He attacked communism will every ounce of his will and helped to bring down the Berlin wall. He â€Å"demonstrated in action that Christian conviction can be the agent of human liberation† (Weigel 847). It’s almost impossible to believe that such a famous man had such humble beginnings. Born in Wadowice, Poland on May 20th, 1920, Karol Wojtyla grew up in an environment of communism and depression. His mother was sickly and died at a young age, leaving him and his father alone, as his older brother Edmund was away at school. Many times Karol, or â€Å"Lolek,† as he was called by those dear to him, would enter his father’s bedroom late at night and see him knelt on the floor ... ...e like Pope John Paul II in their lifetime. Someone intelligent, virtuous, courageous, and, for lack of better words, miraculous. A man who could look at the political situation with optimism and say â€Å"’Even Communists are people, and people change’† (Accattoli et al 52). Undoubtedly, without the inspiring speeches, actions, and overall presence of Pope John Paul II, the communist regimes in Germany and Poland would have never met their downfall. â€Å"One of Communism’s basic tenets is that reality shapes one’s consciousness. But consciousness also shapes reality, and the pope’s visions electrified the consciousness of the masses† (Accattoli et al 49). Both the actions and words of Pope John Paul II were crucial to the downfall of communism in Germany and his native Poland. Without his courage in the face of adversity, Europe today would be completely different.

Exercise Addiction Essay

Exercise is important for the overall health and wellbeing of all people. People engage in physical activity for a variety of reasons. For some, being healthy is their only reason for exercising; for others, it may be to build more muscle, or gain endurance. â€Å"Exercise involves planned, structured, repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain physical fitness. † Exercise should always be beneficial; however excessive exercise can lead to harmful outcomes, and in come cases exercise can become an addiction. Exercise addiction has many of the same characteristics seen drug addiction such as: tolerance withdrawal, lack of control, intention effects, time, reduction in other activities, and continuance. Researchers have developed conceptually sound diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence, but have yet to determine a suitably convincing mechanism for its onset. In order to determine what type of interventions would be effective for treating or overcoming exercise addiction, researchers must first have an understanding of what causes the addiction. Understanding what psychological and physiological mechanisms are present in exercise addiction can help researchers to develop an intervention that will address all factors that nurture the addiction. The purpose of this study is to examine existing literature on the underlying mechanisms that could be responsible for the onset of exercise addiction in individuals in order to determine what types of intervention are needed to effectively treat exercise addiction. The study will include interviews to assess exercise addiction. Theoretical background In 1977, psychiatrist George L.  Engel released an article, The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine, in which he proposed the Biopsychosocial Model, or BPSM. 1 â€Å"The Biopsychosocial Model is a method of understanding health and illness through biological, psychological, and social factors. † 2 Prior to Engel’s model, the Medical Model was the primary approach to medicine. The Medical Model focused on finding a single specific cause of illness to cure the disease, not the person as a whole. In The Need for a New Medical Model, Engel outlined weaknesses of the Medical Model. Engel addressed the Medical Model as a reductionist approach to medicine. 3 The Medical Model suggested that all diseases could be reduced to a single underlying â€Å"measurable biological variable† and treated without consideration of the other factors that may be related to the onset of the disease or illness. 1 (p 319) According to Engel: †¦a medical model must also take into account the patient, the social context in which he lives, and the complementary system devised by society to deal with the disruptive effects of illness, that is, the physician role and the health care system. This requires the Biopsychosocial model. (p324) According to the Medical Model, health can be equated to an absence of disease. Engel argued that the biological factors found in the medical model are not sufficient to provide a full understanding of disease. The Medical Model neglected to take into consideration individuals who feel well and are diagnosed with a disease, as well as individuals who are free of disease but feel sick. Engel proposed, â€Å"a biopsychosocial model which includes the patient as well as the illness would encompass both circumstances. † 1(p324) The BPSM explains disease through biological, psychological, and social factors. The BPSM can be understood by examining the components of the model. 4 The biological component â€Å"plays a key role is the BPSM. † 2 This component of the BPSM explains disease in relation to physiological causes such as pathogens or disorder in the functioning of the individual’s body. 5 A plausible biological mechanism of exercise addiction is the beta-endorphin hypothesis. â€Å"Aerobic exercise is known to stimulate the release of beta endorphin and other endogenous opioid peptides that appear to exert analgesic effects and may also produce addictive behaviors. Endorphins can block stress and create feeling of euphoria in an individual. Individuals who exercise excessively will be more receptive to endorphins and could potentially develop a tolerance for the hormone. Once the individual has developed a tolerance for the beta-endorphins, he or she will need to exercise longer and harder to achieve the same effects as before tolerance. This leads to the individual engaging in addictive behaviors that can also be explained as psychological process. 7 The psychological component of the BPSM explains disease as a manifestation of the individual’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. â€Å"Psychological dependence causes an individual to feel they need a substance to feel good. † 2 Negative thinking, low self-esteem, personality disorder such as perfectionism, etc. , could cause the addictive behavior. For example, an individual who does not cope well with stress may form a behavioral habit of exercise in order to feel good; they are addicted to exercise because of its mood-boosting biological effects. â€Å"In a philosophical sense, the biopsychosocial model states that the workings of the body can affect the mind, and the workings of the mind can affect the body.   However, biological and psychological factors alone are still not sufficient to completely explain exercise addiction in individuals. 2 The sociological component of the BPSM explains how social factors such as culture or socioeconomic status can be an underlying cause of illness. The behavior of an individual can be closely related to the culture and peer groups to which they belong. An individual may become addicted to exercise because of pressures of social norms. For example, an individual may have developed an addiction to exercise as a result of peer pressures to be thin. Significance of Proposed Research  The biopsychosocial model can be used to conceptualize exercise addiction. It is important to study the BPSM because further research is needed to determine the etiology and effective treatment for exercise addiction. To successfully treat or overcome an addiction, the individual must address each component that contributes to the overall behavior. The significance of this study will be to improve understanding of exercise addiction using the biopsychosocial model, determine the types of intervention needed to treat exercise addiction, and develop, as well as, test a multicomponent clinical strategy for treating the addiction. Proposed Methods The study will involve the evaluation of the biopsychosocial model in relation to exercise addiction. The targeted population for this study includes the following: individuals who are physically active and individuals who are classified as addicted to exercise. In order to ensure an efficient sample will be chosen, the target population will consist of 100 individuals. The sampling technique that will be used is a survey type of research, the Exercise Addiction Inventory. The EAI will include questions such as â€Å"When I exercise do I feel guilty† and â€Å"Is exercise the most important thing of my life? † (8) From this research, a sample from the target population will be selected. The sample will include 10 males and 10 females who are classified as addictive exercisers, as well as 10 males and 10 females who are non-addictive exercisers. Individuals who are classified as addicted to exercise will be submitted and additional questionnaire that will identify whether the individual has evidence of physiological dependence or no physiological dependence. Conclusion Exercise addiction is a disorder that has many underlying and contributing factors. Previous research did not provide sound information on the mechanisms of exercise dependence. The biopsychosocial model approach to addiction can be used to formulate an intervention for individuals who are diagnosed with exercise addiction. In order to treat an exercise addiction all components of the individual and the disease should be addressed.

The Schoolboy Poem Analysis - 771 Words

The Schoolboy – Close critical analysis â€Å"The Schoolboy† is a poem about how education systems hinder youths from behaving naturally. For example, in this poem, the boy â€Å"love(s) to rise in a summer morn, When the birds sing on every tree†. However, he has â€Å"to go to school in a summer morn† and this â€Å"drives all (his) joy away†. Hence, from here we can see that societal norms destroy the innocence of youth as they repress their souls with so-called education. By doing so, the author is telling us to spend our time doing things that we enjoy doing instead, as the sole purpose in life is to have â€Å"joy†. The poem is written in six stanzas with five lines in each stanza and has a rhyme scheme of ABABB. The number of syllables in each line also†¦show more content†¦The plant reflects the effects of the education system that makes youths unable to deal with their future â€Å"griefs† in life as they did not have access to freedom of imagination. 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Analysis Of Lyotard s Defining The Postmodern

Lyotard, from â€Å"Defining the Postmodern† 1. The term postmodern is problematic. a. This idea needs to be debated. b. A debate would alleviate confusions and more ambiguity about this period of time to be alleviated. 2. The Modern Movement (1910-1945) exists in between the postmodernism and modernism movement in architectural theory. a. There is no longer a link between this period and socio-historical progress, however. 1. Postmodern architecture has changed small spaces and considered how people occupy the space. 2. Making a small space appear larger changes the landscape of the space. b. Not much space is left to be built upon, and this movement strives to utilize that space. c. The world is not expanding horizontally any more in a postmodern era. 1. Ideas and freedoms are limited. 2. The environment has changed. d. A dichotomy exists between the postmodern and modern movements. 3. In the postmodern movement, individuals strive to take a new direct, differe nt from the past. a. The modern movement broke the rules of the past. b. â€Å"Today, we can presume that this â€Å"breaking† is, rather, a manner of forgetting or repressing the past. That’s to say of repeating it. Not overcoming it† (1466). 4. The connotative meaning of the word postmodern is often misunderstood. a. Progress is possible is a phrase often associated with postmodern works of art, technology, learning, and freedom. b. Discoveries and advancingShow MoreRelatedModern F. Robert Frost1547 Words   |  7 Pagesbelief that only one central meaning can be gathered from any one reading; that these singular interpretations support, give credence and justify hegemonic forces or grand narratives in society. Defining the term â€Å"modern† in his work The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Jean-Francois Lyotard â€Å"designate[s]† this name and movement to â€Å"any science †¦ legitimat[ing] itself †¦ [by] making an explicit appeal to some grand narrative† (xxiii). It is thus to the disgust of postmodernists to find RobertRead MoreEssay about Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and the Ethnographic Text5376 Words   |  22 Pages Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and the Ethnographic Text Anthropology 575 Postmodernism nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the late 1960’s the social sciences (mainly anthropology and sociology) entered a crisis period in which traditional ways of conducting the study of the Other were re-examined in the context of their association with dominance-submission hierarchies and the objectification of the subjects of study. There was seen to be an association between WesternRead MoreEducation Is An Important Aspect Of Teaching And Teaching3187 Words   |  13 Pageswithin education has a detrimental effect on the levels of creativity that students and teachers can demonstrate, and in turn negatively effects the results of the educational process. On the other hand there are those that believe that performative analysis within education plays an important role in highlighting areas of success, and areas that require improvement. Ofsted (the Office for Standards in Education) agree that creativity is an important aspect of teaching and learning, however they alsoRead MoreOrga nisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

The Long Term Consequences Of Adolescent Pregnancy

Parenting at any age can be challenging but particularly difficult for adolescent parents. Aside from being difficult for adolescent parents there are a lot of negatives effects with bearing a child at a young age. The long-term consequences of adolescent childbearing for parents and their children compared to a standard age of childbearing are extensive. The negatives outcomes to adolescent childbearing are often poor for the parent and the child. Adolescent females often have diets low in calcium and iron. An increased requirement during pregnancy further increase the risk of iron deficiency anemia that has been reported with a prevalence of between 11% and 16% (2). Breastfeeding may also further deplete iron stores in those already at risk for iron deficiency anemia. With this effect on adolescent mothers they would have to go through iron therapy that is suboptimal. Also there may be some â€Å"completion† for nutrients between the fetus and the adolescent during pregnancy. 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Themes presented in Act 1-Measure for Measure Free Essays

A theme becoming noticeably present throughout Act 1 is that of religion, possibly part of the larger them of morality. The Duke, Scene 1 line 70, speaks of being greeted by ‘aves vehement’. The word ‘Ave’ in Latin means ‘Hail’ and is often associated with prayer, particularly to the Virgin Mary (a figure prominent in Catholicism). We will write a custom essay sample on Themes presented in Act 1-Measure for Measure or any similar topic only for you Order Now This suggests that the public in Vienna see the Duke as a saviour and a figure to be worshipped. At the time of its original performance this would have conveyed to the audience the prominence and power of the Duke in Vienna. However, the Duke says this greeting is good he does not ‘relish’ it, showing the audience possibly that the Duke is not arrogant and does not wish to be a replacement for someone’s faith; it perhaps allows the audience to hold a respect for the Duke from the beginning of the play. In scene 2, the references to religion continue with Lucio speaking of ‘the sanctimonious pirate that went out to sea with the ten commandments, but scraped one off the table’. This suggests a corruption of religion and its associated beliefs, which may foreshadow other themes coming later in the play-those of right and wrong, particularly when interpreting laws on prostitution and the confusion about marriage (should it be based on good faith or a legal ceremony). The pirate reference, particularly to the original audience, may have suggested that personal interpretations and sinister dealings were going to occur in the performance. Both the reference to the pirate and ‘aves’ could show how Shakespeare is presenting a ‘problem play’. They raise the question of how religion should be carried out and how it can creep too far into everyday behaviour, until people begin to make powerful/adored figures idols and interpret religious teachings to suit their own behaviour. Scene 3, in the monastery, has two intertwining themes running through it-those of power and religion. The audience is presented with two powerful figures in their own right, one powerful due to his allegiance to God and perhaps less powerful in the workings of society and the other powerful due to his position in society and perceived almost as a ‘God’ by his people. A silent power struggle appears to be occurring in the scene, not power for power’s sake, but in order to earn the respect of the other. Throughout, the Duke appears to be justifying his argument in order to make it sound less corrupted and more favourable in the eyes of the friar. This comes across in his greetings of ‘Holy father’ and ‘holy sir’ and flattery ‘none knows better than you’. The friar speaks politely to the Duke ‘Gladly, my lord’. There is some sense of balance or equality in this scene, as ordinarily the Duke would be seen to be more powerful, due to his reign on the justice system however, he knows that the only person who can help him is the friar and the friar has the weapon of being aware of why the Duke has disappeared. Justice and morality are two another themes running throughout Act 1. The main plot line of Claudio being sentenced is at the centre of these themes. At the time of the first performance, brothels were widely apparent and many powerful figures were known for making use of their services. This is made clear to the audience, with the scene set in a brothel and the comic references to sexual diseases and the portrayal of the brothel as an industry. This should show the audience that it was widely accepted that these places were a part of society, making Claudio’s actions seem less severe. He talks of Julietta being ‘fast my wife’, apart from the legal proceedings so the fact he is being punished for this action and others are getting away with prostitution seems even more immoral, it raises the question of whether Claudio’s actions are worse than the other male characters despite him being faithful to one woman. This is open to interpretation by the actors, ho wever, they may choose to play Claudio’s speech with comedy, to make it sound like a feeble excuse for his actions rather than a legitimate plea for justice, which could make it seem as though justice is being done. Again a sense of corruption is presented, this time in politics. The Duke, who has fled unexpectedly, has let the law be ignored for a number of years yet Claudio is being punished under it. This suggests the laws can be manipulated to suit the leader. This is similar to the corruption of religion mentioned earlier when the pirate changed the ten commandments to suit his lifestyle and ideals at the time. How to cite Themes presented in Act 1-Measure for Measure, Papers

Piaget Essay Example For Students

Piaget Essay Piagets Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentJean Piaget was born on August9, 1896, in the French speaking part of Switzerland. Atan early age he developed an interest in biology, and by the time he had graduated from highschool he had already published a number of papers. After marrying in 1923, he had threechildren, whom he studied from infancy. Piaget is best known for organizing cognitivedevelopment into a series of stages- the levels of development corresponding too infancy,childhood, and adolescence. These four stages are labeled the Sensorimotor stage, which occursfrom birth to age two, (children experience through their senses), the Preoporational stage, whichoccurs from ages two to six, (motor skills are acquired), the Concrete Operational stage, whichoccurs from ages six to eleven, (children think logically about concrete events), and the FormalOperational stage, which occurs after age eleven, (abstract reasoning is developed here). (www.psychcentral.com). (Bee and Boyd 149). The focus of this paper will be on thePreoporational stage and how the childs cognitive abilities develop according to Piaget. The Preoperational stage is Piagets term for the second major stage of cognitivedevelopment. It is in this stage that Piaget states that children acuire symbolic schemes, such aslanguage and fantasy, that they use in thinking and communicating. Piaget saw evidence ofsymbol use in many aspects of children aged two to six. As a Pre-School teacher myself, I havewitnessed many of the same behaviors that Piaget himself observed while developing his theoryof cognitive development. Children this age begin to pretend in their play. The dramatic playarea in my classroom is always one of the most busy areas of the room. The children love torole-play and create imaginary games. According to Piaget, such symbol use is also evident inthe emergence of language and in the preschoolers primitive ability to understand scale modelsor simple maps. Dramatic play gives the children the chance to role-play. If they work throughsituations in their classroom, theyll be better prepared for real-life scenario s. Throughrole-playing, children not only express emotions, but also exercise creativity and develop skillslike cooperation and problem solving. During the Preoperational stage, do begin to think symbolically and use language, but thechilds thinking is still very intuitive, and makes little use of reasoning and logic. I remember asa child thinking that the sun and moon followed me as I took a walk. In addition, the childs useof language is not as sophisticated as it might seem. Children have a tendency to confuse wordswith the objects they represent. If a child calls a toy block a car and I use it to make ahouse, the child may become upset. To children, the name of an object is as much a part ofthe object as its size, shape, and color. To the Preoperational child, insulting words may reallyhurt. (Coon 107). Consider my preschooler calling each other baby. To the adult it is aninnocent word, but to the preschooler it is the worst thing they can think of. Piagets description of the Preoperational stage also focused on all the other things thepreschool-aged child still cannot do. According to Piaget, egocentrism is a cognitive state inwhich the child sees the world only from his own perspective, without awareness that there areother perspectives. (Bee and Boyd 155). The child is not being selfish; rather, she simplyassumes that everyone sees the world as she does. I see many examples of ego egocentrism on adaily basis in the preschool environment and at home. For example, my daughter, Meryl, who isalmost five years old, gets a phone call from her aunt. She begins asking Meryl questions. Instead of saying yes or no, Meryl simply nods her head. What Meryl fails to appreciate isthat her aunt is unable to see her nodding. Meryl can only take her own perspective- I amnodding my head yes, why do you keep asking me this question?As a young child it is difficult to understand that some one on the opposite end of thetelephone cannot see you. Yo ung children seem to abide by the old saying, Out of sight, out ofmind. In Piagets view, for a child to be able to shift from using herself as the only frame ofreference to seeing things from another perspective, the child must decenter, which may notoccur until the child is about six